Spinal Cord Stimulators use electrical currents to treat chronic pain. A small pulse generator, which is implanted in the abdomen, sends electrical pulses to the spinal cord. These electrical impulses interfere with the transmission of pain signals to the brain and theoretically lead to pain relief. Spinal Cord Stimulators are not considered as a treatment option until non-invasive treatments have failed.

An Intrathecal Infusion Pump is an implantable drug delivery device that can administer a variety of medications (such as opioids, local anaesthetics, adrenergic-agonists, and other agents) through a catheter to the spine. These devices are invasive and costly, with granulomas potential side effects. Common side effects include migration of the catheter, infections, and side effects related to extensive opiate use.

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by continuous pain that is disproportionate to any inciting event. Diagnostic criteria include edema of the skin, discoloured skin, cool skin, abnormal hair growth and atrophy. Treatment of CRPS often includes occupational and physical therapy, pain control, and rehabilitation.